Mendel Vs. Darwin Free Essays

Dear Mr.. Mendel, I am very Interested In your study of genetics. We will write a custom essay sample on Mendel Vs. Darwin or any similar topic only for you Order Now I also am a Naturalist and we share the same passion for Gods creation. I have known, from your studies of genetics, organisms may only pass down traits to their offspring that they were born with. This proved Lamarckism theory to be incorrect. Your studies show many helpful genetic facts. One of which is all members of a species are all different in some way. This ties together part of my own theory called Natural Selection. I too believe that all organisms are born with different variations. Variations that help to get food or escape from predators will help that animal survive. Then, those animals will reproduce offspring with the helpful variation. Your genetic studies reinforce my theory of Natural Selection. One of our few differences is that you conduct controlled experiments, while I simply observe nature. Much of my work took place while sailing on the Beagle around South America and Africa. I observed the natural life and took notes. You seem to Like working In a laboratory while I Like to explore the world and see nature as It happens. Our methods of study are almost opposite, but both reveal much information. Every organism’s difference is a variation. While I traveled to the Galapagos, I noticed many variations in the finch species. From island to island, each finch bird has a different type of beak. I hypothesize this is because each island has different food sources so each bird adapted to their environment. Some have sharp, thin beaks to separate insects while others on different islands have shorter beaks to pick seed off the ground. I understand that in your research with peas you have found out that offspring inherit only traits that the parents were born with. I formed similar thoughts about the finches. As you may be thinking, my theory Is very controversial within the church. Most people think low upon me for believing my theory. Some say Natural Selection Is going against the churches belief of the Genesis written In the Bible. Fortunately for you, you are part of the monastery. You have your colleagues to support your ideas and thoughts. I am in the process of writing book to express my ideas to the people. I hope my ideas will be revolutionary and change the thoughts of evolution. My wish is that society will someday find value in my research, even if it is rejected by the church in present. Sincerely, Charles Darwin Mendel Vs.. Darwin By resourcefulness I am very interested in your study of genetics. I also am a Naturalist and we share the same passion for God’s creation. I have known, from your studies of genetics, One of our few differences is that you conduct controlled experiments, while I seem to like working in a laboratory while I like to explore the world and see nature as it happens. Our methods of study are almost opposite, but both reveal much As you may be thinking, my theory is very controversial within the church. Most people think low upon me for believing my theory. Some say Natural Selection is going against the churches belief. How to cite Mendel Vs. Darwin, Papers

Digital Forensic Investigation Of USB Flash Drive- Free sample

Question: Discuss about a Report on Digital Forensic Investigation of USB Flash Drive? Answer: Introduction The aim of the report is to analyze a particular scenario based on digital forensics and the various investigation tools and techniques utilized for forensically analyzing the evidence items found in the particular situation. The scenario involves a crime scene committed by an ex-employee who was selling the organizations customer details such as bank account numbers, credit card details and other confidential information (Ali 2012). However, a USB flash drive that belongs to the man contains evidence that he used the credit card details of those customers to become a vendor of an individual website that required, at least, fifty credit card details for vendor ship approval. The report carries out a detail forensic investigation of the digital image of a USB flash drive for evidence relating to the above mentioned incident items. In this report, the above case has been investigated using digital forensic imager tool Encase software. It also involves description of the facts about the data hiding methods discovered during investigation of the case. The process also tries to identify the evidence found and their individual purposes. Analysis Some well-known forensic tools and techniques can be applied for processing the digital image of the USB flash drive and some relevant files, and evidence items can be recovered (Solomon et al. 2011). As many theories and pieces of evidence suggest, there are significant possibilities for hiding data in USB hard drives. Data hiding can be achieved using the concept of clusters. Digital forms of data hiding techniques include watermarking, cryptography or steganography. These are most commonly referred to as non-physical data hiding approach. Nevertheless, there is also another approach known as the physical aspect of data hiding. However, the case study states that neither cryptography nor steganography have been used in the data hiding process (Karlsson 2012). Hence, it can be told that physical data hiding has been followed in the present study to hide the customers financial details such as credit cards details, bank account details and other confidential information referred to in the case study. It takes advantage of the physical characteristics of the digital storage for the hiding purpose. Report of the Emails, Picture and Account Number The email IDs found from the investigation has been used for conversation among the suspects. The two emails are relevant with the case. Specific date and time that those emails were active have been identified. Date Time Action Evidence Found Notes 15/01/2016 1:00 pm Looking for email ID owners avendor12@gmail.com ccstolen_gov@dptfrd.co.uk Date Time Action Evidence Found Notes 15/01/2016 12:00 pm Examination of pictures found It is one sample among the 50 cards provided to the website by the ex-employee. Date Time Action Evidence Found Notes 15/01/2016 1:00pm The case is loaded into Encase for verification. Bank account number 00-11-22 12345678 USB drives most commonly function as data carriers and, therefore, can be very efficiently utilized for transporting business related data out of the organization (Sencar and Memon 2012). There are two alternative approaches to connect a USB device to the companys computer where the customer database resides. The first method is relatively straightforward, which involves a USB cable connected to the computers USB port. On the other hand, the second alternative technique is to utilize a USB hub. In the case of data hiding, the second approach is to be followed using USB hub. To hide the data, the different devices (USB stick acting as the data carrier, USB mouse and the USB hub) are combined to form a single appliance (Roy and Jain 2012). This method shows as if only the USB mouse is connected to the computer, when in fact, the internally hidden hub and USB stick goes unsuspected and can secretly store data using the mouse. Apart from hiding data, this technique can also be used to spread malware items. Solomon et al. (2011) stated that combination of data hiding and malware with the utilization of a USB stick can be applied as a hidden malware infected data carrier to transport data out of the organization. Data hiding technique It can be assumed that the attacker utilized a USB mouse to protect a USB data carrier (USB stick and USB hub combined) inside it. To fit the connected parts in the limited space inside the mouse, the size of the USB hub can be reduced by only keeping the PCB (printed circuit board) hub chip and the cable components. After that, the striping of USB stick is to be performed (Kruse and Heiser 2010). After stripping the stick (removal of the outer casing), a small PCB along with the memory chip and other necessary components are left. Apart from that, to incorporate adequate room inside the mouse case, the size of PCBs can be further reduced and ultimately the PCB and USB cable are connected inside the mouse with the process of soldering or with help if a connector (Hoog 2011). After carefully stripping the components, it is necessary to modify the USB hub so as to put the two PCBs (hub PCB and mouse PCB) together on top of each other. It is a crucial step to execute as it can block the internal LED rays in case the mouse uses LED color. For this purpose, the adjustment of USB hub PCB with the mouse PCB is performed very carefully (Rahman and Khan 2015). The next step is to wire the mouse hardware for connecting the USB port to the USB hub. The parts or components are then put together with the aid of soldering the wires. When this process is complete, the mouse can be connected to the computer and can be used to perform standard functions. This method allows any data stored in the USB stick to be hidden inside the mouse. NTFS (new technology file system) facilitates with potential opportunities for hiding data. However, according to ACPO (2010), USB flash memory devices does not write data into the same location more than once. As flash memories are non-volatile in nature, and flash translation layer (FTL) protocol is responsible for providing an access transparency between the user of a flash drive and the system itself. Encase Forensics is a software tool used for forensic analysis purposes. This particular case can be analyzed using this imager tool that recovers the basic USB history for investigation (Nelson, Phillips and Steuart 2015). The USBSTOR reveals the brand, vendor and a serial number of the USB. Other than that, the Mounted Devices key is found to get information about the drive letter. Imaging the USB drive is, therefore, the particular forensic investigation methodology adopted to parse the information. It can be effectively utilized for proving that the USB flash drive was connected to the organizations computer, by matching the drive letter and the time and date of USB drive insertion, along with the serial number or PID. To retrieve this information a detail forensic analysis was performed on the USB flash storage device using accurate forensic analysis tools (Sansurooah et al. 2013). Evidence analysis and examination are the next steps that involve interpreting the recovered data. After obtaining the forensic image, Encase Forensics is applied on the disk view: The exact number of used nodes is retrieved which in turn provides information about the type of partition being employed in the device. This is because the disk view of Encase does not contain any direct blocks on the inode tables (Lee 2014). Common program for recovering data in this manner necessitates a thorough examination of the inode structure including the direct blocks. Thereby, this tool is mainly utilized for the purpose of recovering deleted, damaged or erased information kept on Ext2 / Ext3 partitions of USB flash storage drives. Forensic Analysis using FTK Imager The items found using this tool are a bank account number, two email addresses, a photograph of a credit card and a particular website text. This is mounted with an FTK imager to enable PCI File Recovery (Kamble, Jain and Deshpande 2015). The following command is followed: File Image Mounting. After that, the steps to be performed are shown in the snapshots below: Thereafter, the PC Inspector File Recovery Window is activated and Open Unit is chosen: The disk created by FTK imager is then selected and Find Logical Unit is chosen. Next, the latest option is selected. After this step, a list of file is displayed to be recovered with this tool. Hence, mainly text files and image file have been found using this tool. The process applied for hiding the data has been discussed in detail above. Disk imaging is a digital forensic technique that uses specific imager software. Encase and FTK both are familiar imager tools in this field (Hoog and Strzempka 2011). However, for this case, FTK imager is used for analyzing the USB flash drive found in the ex-employee's jacket pocket. According to the ACPO (Association of Chief Police Officers) digital evidence analysis, data can be hidden using other tools except steganography or encryption. It can be referred to as generic data hiding technique. Other alternative methods are discussed in the below paragraph. Knowing how data is being hidden in the USB flash drive file system structure essentially enables useful means to find that data. For this reason, various forensic analysis tools are used. However, besides steganography, encryption, or any other similar types of data hiding techniques, there are forensic analysis measures that can be applied to generic methods also (Roy and Jain 2012). For example, using FS, slacker, USB hub and stick combination with USB mouse / USB keyboard / USB printer can also be achieved to hide data. Finding hidden data is becoming quire complex with passing days as the number of anti-forensic tools and techniques are increasing. However, concerning the present case study, it is much easier to strip the components of a USB hub and a USB stick to fit the PCBs together so as to enable them to function in the desired manner. After that, they can be easily incorporated in a USB mouse and can be kept secretly hidden in the internal part of the mouse. Following whic h, anyone handling the mouse would in no way suspect the present of the USB hub and stick inside of it. Alternative technique The data hiding process discussed above was based on utilizing a USB mouse for data hiding (Dezfouli et al. 2012). However, there are possible alternative variations that can be implemented to perform a similar job as data hiding. Combining a USB stick and an USB hub for data transport can also be achieved using a USB keyboard. USB keyboards are usually equipped with USB hubs built internally. Therefore, the job can easily be performed even without the need for an extra USB hub. Metasploits Slacker is a useful tool for data hiding purposes that can be applied onto an USB flash drive having to operate on an FAT (file allocation table) or NTFS / new technology file system (Casey 2011). The slack space on a USB drive can be effectively utilized to hide data to make it inaccessible and unreachable. Slacker is a useful tool for such activities. The method adopted by Metaspoilts slacker depends on fragmenting the data into numerous segments and distributing the fragmented data across the USB drives slack space. Therefore, slacker utilizes the slack space o a hard disk by file splitting and slack space hiding. This process makes it more difficult for the forensic analysis tools to trace the hidden files and folders. In addition to that, there can be other alternative tools and techniques. However, Vacca (2012) states that extensive knowledge of the characteristics and structural specifications of hard drives or more precisely, USB drives can be helpful in figuring out the exact process used for hiding those particular data. Moreover, the implications also suggest that the type and characteristics of the area, the nature of disk activity after that information has been already written on the disk also hold significant impact on the overall approach of forensic analysis as the degree of persistence of the hidden data is influenced. Conclusion The various data hiding techniques that could have been applied for the purpose of hiding those data and information are discussed in this paper. The possible approaches to hide data using a USB flash drive, a USB stick and USB hub combined, acting as a data carrier have also been analyzed in this paper. It can be said that the employee could have used an of the above mentioned techniques for hiding data in the USB drive. For example, MetaSpolits slacker could have been used for hiding data in the slack space. Besides, there is a possibility that other types of data hiding techniques were applied. However, using some particular forensic analysis tools and methods, the digital image of the concerned USB flash drive has been captured for performing the forensic activities. The forensic imager tools such as FTK or Encase are usually applied for this purpose. However, for this particular study, the FTK imager has been chosen to analyze the image of the USB hard drive. References ACPO, 2012.ACPO Good Practice Guide for Digital Evidence. [online] Available at: https://library.college.police.uk/docs/acpo/digital-evidence-2012.pdf [Accessed 10 Jan. 2016]. Ali, K.M., 2012, July. Digital Forensics Best Practices and Managerial Implications. InComputational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSyN), 2012 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 196-199). IEEE. Casey, E., 2011.Digital evidence and computer crime: Forensic science, computers, and the internet. Academic press. Dezfouli, F.N., Dehghantanha, A., Mahmoud, R., Sani, N.F.B.M. and Bin Shamsuddin, S., 2012, June. Volatile memory acquisition using backup for forensic investigation. InCyber Security, Cyber Warfare and Digital Forensic (CyberSec), 2012 International Conference on(pp. 186-189). IEEE. Hoog, A. and Strzempka, K., 2011.iPhone and iOS forensics: Investigation, analysis and mobile security for Apple iPhone, iPad and iOS devices. Elsevier. Hoog, A., 2011.Android forensics: investigation, analysis and mobile security for Google Android. Elsevier. Kamble, D.R., Jain, N. and Deshpande, S., 2015. Cybercrimes Solutions using Digital Forensic Tools.International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies (IJWMT),5(6), p.11. Karlsson, K.J., 2012. Android anti-forensics at the operating system level. Kruse II, W.G. and Heiser, J.G., 2010.Computer forensics: incident response essentials. Pearson Education. Lee, J., 2014, October. Cyber incident forensics as a forward lean security. InInformation and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), 2014 International Conference on(pp. 872-873). IEEE. Nelson, B., Phillips, A. and Steuart, C., 2015.Guide to computer forensics and investigations. Cengage Learning. Rahman, S. and Khan, M.N.A., 2015. Review of Live Forensic Analysis Techniques.International Journal of Hybrid Information Technology,8(2), pp.379-388. Roy, T. and Jain, A., 2012. Windows registry forensics: an imperative step in tracking data theft via USB devices.IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies,3, pp.4427-4433. Sansurooah, K., Hope, H., Almutairi, H., Alnazawi, F. and Jiang, Y., 2013. An Investigation Into The Efficiency Of Forensic Data Erasure Tools For Removable Usb Flash Memory Storage Devices. Sencar, H.T. and Memon, N. eds., 2012.Digital image forensics: There is more to a picture than meets the eye. Springer Science Business Media. Solomon, M.G., Rudolph, K., Tittel, E., Broom, N. and Barrett, D., 2011.Computer forensics jumpstart. John Wiley Sons. Vacca, J.R., 2012.Computer and information security handbook. 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Aurora Borealis Essays - Space Plasmas, Plasma Physics,

Aurora Borealis AURORA BOREALIS Imagine a cold October night, you walk out to your car and something catches your eye. You step further into the street be it busy or not, and you begin to turn in 360 circles. For what your eyes behold is far from anything you have ever seen. A circle of green and blue swirl through the night sky, I could best describe this as two ballroom dancers doing a Waltz through the night sky. They flow, they glide so gracefully that they capture you and keep you entranced for a very long time. This my first experience viewing the amazing Aurora Borealis, it did not matter that people were watching, or that the roads were iced over and that I could not stand on my own two feet very steadily. For as unbalanced on my feet I might have felt, I felt very balanced watching these ?ballroom dancers? in the night sky. October 1996, Fairbanks, Alaska. As enthralled as I was with aurora borealis, so were many other cultures. In Middle-Age Europe the Aurora's were thought to be the reflections of heavenly warriors. As a kind of posthumous reward the soldiers that gave their lives for their King and Country were allowed to battle on the skies forever. The northern lights were the breath of these soldiers as they resumed their fight in the sky. The Scots saw the lights as ?Merry Dancers?, while the Swedes thought the lights performed folk dances and polkas. The power of the auroras is said to be fruitful for the earth, they draw animals to certain areas so that they are plentiful for hunters. The Scandinavian people would say the lights are sunshine reflecting off of the herring in the northern sea. A welcome omen for the fishermen to reel in large amounts of fish. According to folklore tradition shared by some Alaskan Eskimos, the northern lights are the souls from those whom died from massive blood loss. Be it from childbirth, murder, or suicide. The spirits from these bodies would play a game similar to that of soccer in the night skies, but they would use either the head of a walrus or of a human. It would seem as though you could hear the chattering as the jaws thrust toward the players. There are reports that the auroras have the ability to heal, however; their ability to bring on ailments is far more founded. Researchers from the USSR published results that stated that people are more likely to have fatal heart attacks when the auroras are at their strongest point. The myth and mystery of aurora borealis is so widespread. It encompasses so many countries that it is impossible to share all their thoughts. My favorite folklore is that of the Eskimos of the lower Yukon River in Alaska. They would describe the Aurora's as the dancing souls of their favorite animals: deer, seals, salmon, and beluga whales. Under the spell of the Aurora's the Universe comes to life and people will be drawn to their loveliness, no matter what the myths or folklore share, the Aurora's are magical and spell binding for all whom have the opportunity to experience them. The Aurora's are never absent from the earth, they are just often not seen. Viewing them is easy if you are fortunate enough to live in the favored locations. The Aurora's are prominent in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres and spend most of their time around the edges of the earth where they are said to dance solely for the penguins and the polar bears. However, due to the tilting towards the sun and irregularities in the earth's magnetic field, the aurora is 20-30% brighter in the northern hemisphere. ?Where the auroras are most common people tend to be scarce.? Examples of these areas that have phenomenal views of the auroras would include; Goose Bay, LaRonge, and Yellowknife, Canada; Barrow, Alaska; Tromso, Norway; and parts of Russia. Amidst these areas the auroras can be seen from the autumn to the spring as long as the nights are cloudless and the temperature is cold. If you are fortunate enough to live near the favored locations previously mentioned you are most likely going to have your

LOSING THE BATTLE essays

LOSING THE BATTLE essays Hope is something that can easily be diminished when we feel that theres nothing we can do to achieve our objective. So when we are filled with optimism theres only so much that we can accomplish until we see that theres neither hope nor a purpose. Then from there we start looking at all the negative in things and we start feeling that the battle is pointless. This is how the Palestinian children feel. They think that theres no hope in their life or future and this makes their actions reflect on whats going on around them, in their case violence. This is what is always around them, this is their reality. Their reality is defined by poverty, violence, and barbarism. Thats how we all did it. Thats the way things were done where Im from. Everyone I knew did it. Thats the way we got our money. This is what was said during a conversation I had with a friend. He is only eighteen years old and he has done and seen more than an average man. I couldnt understand what would possess him to do such heinous things until I realized that it was all he knew. He grew up in the city where selling and doing drugs was a normal occurrence. I had told him that there were other ways to make money and that he had other choices. He said, No I dont...this is the only way, trust me. He knew that it wasnt right but he was basically forced into a situation because of what he was exposed to. He always had hope for a better future than the one that most of his friends had, but it still led him into a life of drugs and crime. The Palestinian children are scared because of the huge amount of violence that they are exposed during the day. Most of them suffer from severe anxiety and fear. This causes the children to become depressed and worried about what the present and future holds for them. Since they are unable to attend school regularly they dont have the ...

Utilitarianism Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Utilitarianism - Coursework Example ood would mean the opposite of minimizing suffering as that would be disregarding intensive research conducted by Stuart Mill and myriad philosophers. â€Å"Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness (pleasure)† (Mill, 2005, P. 5). Promoting happiness; thus, pleasure, entails maximizing good deeds to a greater population while minimizing suffering in the same population. In the least terms, both the primary and secondary objectives are directly proportional to each other. It is impossible to do good without minimizing suffering. In fact, minimizing suffering among the greater population can be termed as maximizing good to the same population; hence, increased happiness and reduced pain. Utilitarianism lies in the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. â€Å"Do as you would be done by, and to love your neighbor as yourself† (Mill, 2005, P. 12). In the generic perspective, individual actions towards others ought to depict how others should act if they were to reciprocate on similar lines. Generating happiness entails both maximizing good to the greatest population and minimizing suffering in the same population. Humanity ought to be governed by love. If love for others measured similar to love towards self, everyone would generate happiness and reduce suffering. The two objectives of the doctrine cannot be analyzed separately rather co-jointly through a complex interplay of beliefs and ethical considerations. The interplay is evident from the activities conducted by members of the Unites States Congress. Both members of the Senate and the House of Representatives are elected to end suffering in the community in both the political, economic, and social spheres in addition to establishing bills and implementing laws to generate the greatest good for the greatest number. Such members are governed by ethics, with the doctrine of utilitarianism forming a significant proportion of their obligations. As stated earlier, minimizing suffering is

Destination Report & Presentation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Destination Report & Presentation - Assignment Example The paper intends to make a comparison between two popular tourist destinations of the country and finally make a few important recommendations for the policy maker associated with the tourism industry of the nation. Overview The world of the 21st century is moving at a fast pace. The fast pace of advancement of the modern day world is happening more on the lines of rapid change and tremendous development. It is of high importance to mention that the evolution of the telecommunication technology along with the process of emergence of high speed internet and various kinds of technology enabled gadgets has resulted in the process of playing a tremendous amount of influence in the lives of the masses around the world. It needs to be mentioned that because of the lines of emergence of high speed internet connectivity, the network of communication channels has improved in a drastic manner all over the world. Because of this technology powered transformation of the world around us, there h as always been a steady evolution of various kinds of trends associated with the factor of globalization. The trends of globalization, is resulting in the process of evolution of various kinds of new types of consumer demands. These new consumer demands are increasingly paving the way for a significant amount of business opportunity. Because of the rise of business opportunities, many firms located in different global markets are increasingly entering new markets. This is automatically triggering an increase in competition in the market. For the purpose of sustaining themselves, while retaining their competitive edge, the companies are increasing the pressure of performance on the employees. As a result of increasing stress in the workplaces, the people around the world are increasingly looking forward to relax by taking some highly enjoying vacations. The focus of this project is to compare and contrast two different tourism locations of Canada while judging them on the basis of fa ctors like tourism planning environments, destination components as well as relative position in regards to tourism destination cycle. The two popular tourist destinations that have been chosen in this case are Harbourfront Centre as well as Banff National Park of Canada. Comparison of Harbourfront Centre and Banff National Park Harbourfront Centre Brief Overview The Harbour Front Centre is a neighbourhood located on the north shore of Lake Ontario, within the premises of city of Toronto of Canada. The history of the region highlights that the harbour of Toronto has been using since the days of founding of Toronto for industrial as well as shipping purposes. However, the Harbourfront Centre was formed on the first day of the year 1991 as a non profit organization dedicated towards charity. It has a mandate to organize as well as present public events over a regional spread of around 94 acres. As of the current times, the Harbourfront Centre was transformed into a popular all year ro und tourist destination. The offering of the tourist site comprises of a sizzling blend of culture, arts, recreation along with indoor cafe and outdoor patio. Various events of

The Main Forces Promoting Globalization Economics Essay

The Main Forces Promoting Globalization Economics Essay Karl Marx wrote in the 1848 in the Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (The Communist Manifesto) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾in place of the old local and national seclusion and self sufficiency we have exchanges in every direction, leading to the universal interdependence of nations. Therefore, we can conclude that globalization as a force for economic, political and social change is not a new phenomenon. In this essay I will extract what were the driving forces of globalization at the end of the 20th and 19th century and compare them to reach a conclusion of whether these two centuries experienced the same type of globalization. To start with, there are disputes amongst academics on what globalization really is. Globalization is a historically complex term and itself it could be a huge topic of global discussion and many articles. However, I will firstly give two definitions of this phenomenon in order to make it clearer to understand how important is the subject of this essay. Therefore, globalization isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies to a degree never witnessed before-in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach around the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before . . . . the spread of free-market capitalism to virtually every country in the world (T.L. Friedman, (1990) The Lexus and the Olive Tree, p. 7-8). Andà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The historical transformation constituted by the sum of particular forms and instances of . . . . making or being made global (i) by the active dissemination of practices, values, technology and other human products throughout the globe (ii) when global practices and so on exercise an increasing influence over peoples lives (iii) when the globe serves as a focus for, or a premise in shaping, human activities (M. Albrow, (1996) The Global Age, p. 88). As we have now acquired the formal definition of globalization, lets outline what were the sources of globalization in the late 20th century. One of the main causes behind globalization in the 20th century was technological innovation. Quickly changing technologies used in transport and communications continued to disband the barriers of time and distance that were making long range relationships between countries more difficult. In the 20th century, the most important technological innovations that changed international relations were the jet-plane, satellites and the World Wide Web. For example, this means that between 1930 to 1990, average air transport revenue per passenger mile fell from $0.68 to $0.11 (in 1990 dollars) and the cost of 3-minutes call from New York to London fell from $244.65 to $3.32 (and the total volume of international telephone calls more than doubled in just six years during the 1990s, from 33 billion minutes in 1990 to 70 billion minutes in 1996). Next factor of globalization at the end of the 20th century were decreasing trade barriers, lower tariffs and fewer non-tariff trade barriers. For example, by 2000, the average tariffs of developed countries were 3.8%, while developing countries average tariffs were 12.3%. Moreover, a rising population in less-developed and prosperous areas frequently has triggered emigration to areas of economic prospect and the need for energy and industrial raw materials to help developed economies also affected the globalization process by promoting greater flow of goods (and therefore enhanced the interdependence of international economies). Finally, leadership has also contributed to the movement of globalization in the late 20th century. Had the United States (as the worlds leading economic and military power in the 20th century) not committed its public policy to promote an open international economic system, it is probable that the globalization process would have taken a different course an d not necessarily an advantageous one. What is more, the end of the 20th century experienced the rise of new markets that set off globalization which led to the international trade in goods and services figuring up to more than $7 trillion this represents more than $1000 per person which is an astounding figure. But, what was really new was the spectacular rise of a global capital market. This made it relatively easy for anyone with capital to trade anytime and everyday with almost every country of the world. For instance, in 1998, around $1.5 trillion exchanged hands on the worlds currency markets every day. Furthermore, by analysing the 19th century globalization, ORourke and Williamson highlighted the outcomes of the fall in transportation costs. In their opinion, the major fall in transportation costs (firstly lowered by the steamboat, and then lowered even more by the railroads) was the main factor in interconnecting distant markets; the decline in international transport costs after the middle of the century was enormous. When academics analyse this period, they tend to ignore the decline in transportation costs and focus instead on tariffs and international trade. However, tariffs in the world economy did not fall until World War I and therefore the globalization that appeared in the late 19th century cannot be qualified as a consequence of a more liberal trade policy. As a result, the decline in transport costs alone contributed greatly to commodity market integration across the Atlantic economies. What is more, the reasoning above seems controversial to the advocates of the argument that the primary factor driving market integration during the late 19th century was trade policy. Still, although the result of Englands move to free trade did contribute to a more closer market integration, by the end of the 19th century, only few European economies stood firmly in the free trade camp. The commodity prices continued to reduce across distant Atlantic economies during these years and this further shows the relative importance of falling transport costs. Just as the decrease in transport costs expanded commodity market integration, according to Jeffrey Williamson mass migrations also helped to bring about greater wage convergence in the Atlantic economies in the late 19th century. Immigration led to the movement from the labour-full countries of the Old Europe to the labour-limited countries of the New World, and this adjusted wages accordingly (high wages in the New World began to d ecrease and the low wages in the European countries began to increase). The convergence was everywhere in the late 19th century Atlantic economy, as wages and living standards in Europe began to catch up with the wages in the New World countries. In addition, we can also talk about the involvement of technology (e.g. the telegraph), financial institutions (the gold standard), and politics (the relative international political and economic harmony) which have led to capital integration. Lastly, capitalism  has  been  another influence on globalization. In the late 1850s, Karl Marx estimated in 1859 in his Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ekonomie (A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy) that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier to conquer the whole Earth for its market. Global markets of the 19th century offered opportunity to increase profits through higher volumes of sale. In addition, larger production supplied global markets with the assurance of increased profits as a result of the economies of scale. Capitalists admired globalization because it allowed production facilities to be located in places where costs are lowest and earnings greatest. As we can now comprehend, both globalization of the 19th century and the 20th century are rather similar. The main factor behind this phenomenon in these periods was the fall in transport costs. In the 19th century it were the steamboat and rail whereas in the late 20th century it were the plane, satellites and the Internet that reduced the costs of transportation and communication, leading to global interconnection. Also, migration has been a major factor leading to globalization when wages around the world were adjusted. Capitalism has proved to promote the globalization phenomenon in the 19th century as an innovative economic system and in the 20th century, by being a world wide theory of wealth it has done it again. What seems to be the only major difference between the processes of globalization in both centuries is the protective practices of the 19th century countries with only few of them promoting free trade and the late 20th century interdependent world trade market. Howeve r, in the former case, protectionism has proved to be counter-globalizing whereas free-trade policy in the latter case was seen as one of the reasons for globalization. Therefore, although todays globalization that stated in the 20th century differs from the one of the 1800s, the driving forces were more or less the same in both cases.